在語境中教語言

導讀F7
Preface F16
Acknowledgments F21
1 0n Knowing a Language
Introduction
Defining Language Proficiency
Proficiency and Language Acquisition Theory
Some Research Findings about Oral Proficiency
Issues in Language Proficiency Assessment︰Caveats，Clarifications，and New Directions
Defining the Content of Instruction︰The Standards forFore~Language Learning
Summary︰On Knowing a Language
Activities for Review and Discussion
References
2 0n Learning a Language
Introduction
Exploring Theories of Language Learning
The Role of Individual Learner Factors in Second—Language Learning
Relating Theory to Practice︰Some Considerations
Summary︰On Learning a Language
Activities for Review and Discussion
References
3 On Teaching a Language
0rienting Instruction toward Proficiency
The Proficiency Orientation of Existing Methodologies︰A PreliminaryAppraisal
Three“Traditional”Methods
Reactions to Audiolingualism︰Two Mentalist Perspectives
A Functional Approach︰Communicative Language Teaching
Modem Adaptations of the Direct Method
Humanistic Approaches to Language Teaching
Summary︰On Teaching a Language
Activities for Review and Discussion
References
4 The Role of Context in Comprehension and Learning
The Importance of Context and Background Knowledge in the Comprehension Process︰Some TheoreticalConsiderations
Research on the Role of Context in Comprehension
The Role of Computers in Providing Richer Contexts for Language Learning
Integrating Language and Content︰Immersion and Content-Based Instruction
Summary︰The Role of Context in Comprehension and Learning
Activities for Review and Discussion
References
5 A Proficiency．Oriented Approach to Listening and Reading
A Rationale for Teaching Listening and Reading
Similarities in Listening and Reading
Differences between Spoken and Written Discourse
Integrating Listening，Reading，and the Productive Skills︰The Vision of the StandardsforForeignLanguageLearning
Teaching Listening Comprehension
Sample Formats for Listening Comprehension
Teaching Reading Comprehension
Sample Formats for Reading Comprehension
Summary︰A Proficiency．Oriented Approach to Listening and Reading
Activities for Review and Discussion
References
6 Developing Oral Prlficiency
7 Becoming Proficient in Writing
8 Teaching for Cultural Understanding
9 Classroom Testing
Epilogue Planning for the Proficiency-Oriented Classroom